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[Music]

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all right so my plan is to discuss

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briefly about the decomposition amino

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acids were especially for the ocean

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world of insiders in Europa and the

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whole idea is we heard from the previous

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talk we have amino acid generated from

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in the cell medium and you know process

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and preserve in a Mario so a set of

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material so the first step that we want

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you amino acids as well signatures it's

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determined as they really actually

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produce all the other without primordial

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synthesis not the whole idea of the talk

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today so gather all the people in this

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room now you're open and soldered so

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just want to mention very briefly Europa

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moon of Jupiter is a Cyril moon and

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somewhat the internal structure is much

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like Earth we're happy a metal core with

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roughly model and the more exciting

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things for astrobiology is come from the

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prison's of a Saltine subsurface ocean

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underneath the ice across and the

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evidence of the ocean came from two

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kinds observations one in the imaging

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data from Galileo spacecraft we saw a

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lot of kinds of questions in here which

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will help our science we have the hot

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water coming from the oceans came into

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the icy crust so you have some kind so

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there should be some kinds of activities

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in in the path history so they are owner

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now frozen but there should be liquid

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water on under the sub surface plus with

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the fact that we saw a very less

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abundant impact crater which is a very

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unusual for planetary body object with a

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very tenuous atmosphere so this suggests

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the subsurface liquid ocean where

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something's very recently haven't very

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recently the more convincing area in

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fact

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from magnetometer observations on

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Galileo so guy Leo had a magnetometer

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tracking v2p or magnetosphere and in

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Europa Israel in fact is he taking kinds

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of India magnetic field not Cummings

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from dynamic internal structure of

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Europa in fact that's where the Hindu

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magnetic field affected from Jupiter

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magnetosphere and so it's together there

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should be some Chi sub conductive layer

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underneath the underneath the in the

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internal structure of Europa and

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conductive modern water eyes more than

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liquid water so there's only salty

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liquid world when scientists tend to

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Cassini spacecraft we have a lot of

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steam we know the science from the plume

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is a global liquid ocean the Aryans

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coming from a lot of things from gravity

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data to confirm the existing gamma

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liquid ocean you did coming from

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vibration attitude I'm imagining for

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example on our earth moon orbiting

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around our planet in a synchronous orbit

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so terrifically we only see 50% of them

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of the moon we only we cannot see the

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far side of the moon mean did the

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maximum

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survey cover it and could see the middle

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of the earth

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you know what fifty-nine percent is

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because the vibration phenomena in which

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we have the orbital in Centrex the orbit

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of the moon is Namek eccentric first

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weight we have the entire talk

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interaction between the earth to to the

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moon to be causing some oscillations in

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in the viewing angles that the satellite

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looking at the planet and the

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elaboration amateurs matter for inside

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it is so large that it cannot be

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explained by a two-layer internal

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structure model which is ice unique

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cross and

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a rocky core so it should be some

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sandwich layer in between the cross and

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the core and to be having some material

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be stable there it's need to be liquid

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work and we also call our organics from

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the mass spectrometer and can see also a

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chemical energy we protected molecule

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hydrogen is coming from higher thermal

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activity so as I parted out from the

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first line

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so what contact the amino acid

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decomposition is the search for our

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though alright alright so we know that

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amino acid was from previous talk it can

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be synthesized and starting from

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interstellar medium and possibly a lot

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of other processes to do since I have no

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acid in decimal and is preserved in time

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audio amino acid in Peter in a lot of

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primitive material a meteorite Comet and

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asteroid so to using amino acids basic

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nature first step is we need to know is

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that really actively podium or there

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something generated from primordial

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processes and preserved in so system

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being local to and from chemistry point

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of view the spontaneous decomposition

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amino acids as known as among the

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slowest reaction this ever exists for

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example like glycine he applied about

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1.1 billion year for alanine is 10

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billion year room temperature neutral pH

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so by looking at the relative stability

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of the decomposition process where amino

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acids so we can track rising are

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typically form amino acids can be

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identified so it easier to however it

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easier to set and done interest because

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we already having is not dealing with

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thermodynamics during a kinetic and

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everyone working on kinetic no the

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problem is of the we do not have very

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difficult to get in kinetic data to

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tracking with Tom and many biologists

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here familiar probably much more better

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understand better than me about the

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decomposition of amino acids by bacteria

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or other enzyme Congress however it's

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not very applicable in this game and

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from other point of view getting it can

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you take data is difficult because we're

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actually super slow so to getting

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something doing experiment in a

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to getting the data in lab tom scale we

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need to heat it up basically heated up

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the solution so you can get thing the

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data in black Tom scale and also how to

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tracking all of that without interacting

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the system also analogies that make it

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difficult and so there are just only a

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few experiment done for apply with

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applying to a hydrothermal system

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however for how homo system water it is

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up and gives go beyond critical skate so

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many physical chemical changes probably

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changes for that alright so just want to

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put it down what was happening there

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very quickly so we have a lot of so the

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behavior of new Isis is very complicated

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so at least we have the laminations that

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sorry decarboxylation the living co2 web

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domination that living ammonium there

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may be other behavior like dehydration's

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or polymerization in here so here's our

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NASA so we collected on Caillou trying

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to use the press and apart we trying to

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do some a product with our simplify but

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I think that's reasonable enough to so

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we collected all kinds of kinetic data

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that we can have from polished

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literature's and we choose a few

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criteria but the most one is we choose

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only in the kinetic data that's taken

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five below creative point water it's

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because the water on inside of the

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Europa is very healthy to be heated up

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to go beyond critters state also because

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the amino acid concentration is

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presumably

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far below world concentration around so

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it could be treated simplify which is

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deductive instruction rate is a

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first-order reaction so we're

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considering two scenario with free zone

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and your assets in the ocean and some

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time and and the second thing that I

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corner this material amino acids

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basically is okay

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probably because here the seafloor so

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young no I didn't feel in more

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concentration zombie he's only allowed

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surprises why I can creature together

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with the yes one of my Peter today I

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just want to show you for sharing and

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glycine's with the r-square police near

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point 95 percent for the love of the red

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caution with inverse temperature and of

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course we want to do that because we

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know that the water in fact for inside

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the water when is cycling through the

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core is really heated up right to 323

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Kelvin 50 degrees Celsius

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however the mixing is not the

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temperature of the water ocean is not

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really well concerned it has some mixing

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that we do not really know so by the way

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you can solve a file you can Sony

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kinetic equation to fight the

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composition timescale the functional

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temperatures alright so here the one God

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with the in here totally got the result

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for 15 amino acids the vertical one here

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is the decomposition timescale India is

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not shaken here between here and one

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here we constraining that with the flu

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temperatures and the first book you see

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that the destruction tom scale depends

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were sensitive to ocean temperatures and

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with Richard who's talking about that

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when we have some while increasing the

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temperature so they've been some highs

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of weakening between the born in the

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amino acid coming back so what we got

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here is it's fancy

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okay so here we have I put in here some

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constraints this doctor in fact it's

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about ten million years that lives we

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can scale to the ocean on Assad that

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will be stable the upper question here

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is like an pina caught that in solar

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system can scale here is

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the minimum temperature that will exist

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in the the core of insiders we

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unfortunately do not really know the

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temperature of europa right now man was

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the point here is that if you look at a

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tree curve in here for example this red

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curve is for glycine's lucre before

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alanine valine is a black curve we're

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looking here there's even the 323 Kelvin

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that the water is liquid so the time

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scale if the commotion is about billing

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yeah which is very long on the other

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hand we have other thing that for

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example other species like nursing or a

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zoo

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isolation is here and we have met

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ammonia Trixie purple light here the

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decomposed relatively quick even at a

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very low temperature

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I say cooking here life 293 Kelvin and a

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part freakin here mean quickly geology

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timescale and we have other kinds of

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amino acids as well we have we have

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lysine we have adenine sorry

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we have lies in here with a zoom in here

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and history glutamic acids he come also

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very slow and it could probably because

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when we heated up glutamic acids we

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could transform to more stable form like

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Tyrell glutamate so that would decompose

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in let's say in year 200 Kelvin here and

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finally we checked out with some of the

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aromatic amino acids and rabbits you

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compose quite fast even at the low

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temperature it just well one really here

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so the second scenario then consider in

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this study so all of the three scenarios

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that the calculators before is about the

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Frida's own amino acid in the ocean but

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now and so by 3d zone

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there's be no other interactions with it

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just amino acid molecule with water

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surrounding there we no other

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interactions but we have some other

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model with the mixing amino acids in the

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oceans in which is basically somehow I'm

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allowed to what God in the seafloor we

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have more concentrated in the in the

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ocean so what we got here is the very

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quickly even is even more quicker than

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the previous one for all kinds of of

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amino acids all right so we go into the

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conclusion so conclusion here attack

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relatively short light harms and by

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short here is well less than 1 billion

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year of most amino acid except for

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higher species glycine alanine valine

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glutamic acids suggested you amino acids

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could be father protected on the ocean

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war so there are two in super-confident

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ongoing production rather than per mario

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synthesis of course i aware that there

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will be some of the limitation however

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the point here is to deriving the time

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scale rather than constraining exactly

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what we really do tom so there may be

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some variety in with different periods

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that we do not really have data at the

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constraint but confidently at the

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conclusion that in here so cuts the next

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step is trying to distinguish between

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the distribution amino acid generated

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from job chemical synthesis results

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[Applause]

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any questions for knock so I'm a little

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ignorant about this but

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so when you say Enceladus and Europa has

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have a icy crust and salty ocean do you

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do you mean that's water ice and also

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what kind of salts do we know any kinds

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of salts there and the follow-up

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question after that is did you consider

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those salts when you're thinking about

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the decomposition of the you acids

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well so yeah so there is a when I

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talking about the ocean here I mean that

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they be liquid water underneath the icy

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crust and is to a powering by Tyra

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heating as you know I do not consider

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the the effect of salt and in the it is

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cancellation so now the point that I

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don't think it would be affect the whole

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conclusion because the one that we want

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to constrain here is the time scale

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rather than exactly is in the

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composition town so it's true that will

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be some variety if we take with peer

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different periods and in a song I want

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to do that as well the poem that we do

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not have the data so that's why I mean

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subjet that and in October the the next

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meeting if you open you will forgive

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time Inquisition if anyone if you would

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go trying to see what its existing in

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the and what what is the knowledge gap

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between experimental in the morning so I

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would recommend with anyone interesting

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here to do some more experiment on that

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I was really talking kind of a follow-up

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question on that one of the things would

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be curious about for Europa is how you

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know acids or other bio signatures are

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processed to the I show and so not just

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surviving at ocean salinity is maybe 3%

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and 4% or whatever we might guess for

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you over but like Brian concentrations

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upwards of maybe 40 PSU or that kind of

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00:18:08,460 --> 00:18:07,360
thing I have you or do you know of

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00:18:11,190 --> 00:18:08,470
anyone who's worked on that or is that

348
00:18:13,789 --> 00:18:11,200
also plan for the future so you want a

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distribution that analyzes

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post oh yeah so if amino acids get

351
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incorporated into a shell from the ocean

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yeah preserved either a nice room Brian

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pockets yeah so that is my party working

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on that after that the poem winner opens

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us you know inside us we have were very

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good compositions by conceding Europa

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only thing we know from the chemical

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composition all of the thing we know

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about your potion about is whether there

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is sewn that and that it's everything

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every of the composition Discoverer

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apologist you know assumption for

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example taking the rocky core with the

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composition similar to CM contour I or

365
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CV wherever so the teen years that I'm

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trying to do by you know a pre but the

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fundamental understanding of well what

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what if we go there we follow a meiosis

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so we can excluding admit the

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possibility of primordial synthesis I

371
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would be very interested in to to see

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what will be the distribution of amino

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acids from chemical synthesis and

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biology of course the difficulty of that

375
00:19:31,340 --> 00:19:27,989
you don't really know the composition of

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Europe an ocean the second thing is

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active synthesis experiment for let's

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00:19:38,989 --> 00:19:36,090
say JA chemical synthesis there are many

379
00:19:41,629 --> 00:19:38,999
people done that with you know fissile

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00:19:43,909 --> 00:19:41,639
twelve synthesis or Strecker synthesis

381
00:19:46,879 --> 00:19:43,919
the problem is that we don't know to

382
00:19:49,940 --> 00:19:46,889
really calculate the distribution of

383
00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:49,950
that minute kinetic data and own of now

384
00:19:56,450 --> 00:19:53,850
data at least I saw only thermodynamic

385
00:19:58,580 --> 00:19:56,460
data so for thermodynamic we can

386
00:20:01,549 --> 00:19:58,590
calculate the free energy whatever in

387
00:20:05,539 --> 00:20:01,559
many condition is show that could be the

388
00:20:07,930 --> 00:20:05,549
free energy is negative so we have well

389
00:20:11,599 --> 00:20:07,940
so we can say that Wow it could be

390
00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:11,609
happening but we don't know really what

391
00:20:18,649 --> 00:20:15,690
will be the concentration okay